Writing and Communication Essay Example for Free

Writing and Communication Essay* What is the close common form of create verbally converse in your workplace or in a workplace with which you are familiar? Is expository writing or technical writing the most common form of written chat in this workplace? Who is responsible for most of the technical writing in this workplace?I am running(a) at an IT related firm. The most common form of confabulation in our organization is Mail and technical writing. Most of the time associates have to inform the managers for their updates, requirements, suggestions and grievances in form of Mail. Technical writing is also dominant in our organization as the products are technical. The technical writing responsibility is not shouldered by some individual. It depends upon the modules and team. Every team has someone to take care of technical writing as they work on different products and only the team members pick out better about that product.* What are some common issues you have seen wit h written communication in the workplace?One of the most difficult issues faced day-to-day in our organization because of written communication is doubt clearance. It happens when we write a mail to some client or our team at different locations. If some(prenominal) doubt comes up, then it becomes very hard to solve it as further writing only adds to trouble. At last we have to go for voice communication which is costly.* How can an organization benefit from well-written communication? An organization can benefit very well if the written communication is effective. On of the biggest advantage of written communication is record of communication. In long term it benefits the organization. Because of written communication an organization can defend itself in elusion of any legal issue or problem. It also helps in having policies, rules and principles lay down properly and effectively. Also, in form of task assignment written communication appears to be handy.* How do written communi cation aptitudes differ from verbal communication skills? What are the challenges a skilled verbal communicator might encounter when performing technical writing?Written communication skill differs very well from verbal skills. Written communication has to be more precise and to the point as it does not have any verbal appearance to show the meaning hidden. In written communication one cannot come again to repeat or correct the sentence written in case it is perceived wrong by audiences, what we have in verbal communication.For a verbal communicator almost all its leverages become trouble in written communication. He has got to be precise and accurate. He/she will not be allowed to correct himself with facial expression. He cannot emphasize the sentence or dilute the meaning of a sentence with change in tone. In summary he has got to be precise and to the point.

Ethical issues regarding stem cell research Essay Example for Free

respectable issues regarding basis cell research EssayOne of the recent signifi give the bouncet breakthroughs in the field of bio medicine is the discovery, isolation and the ultimate culturing of bowknot cells from human embryos. The stem cells which argon isolated form embryos are unique in that they are able to self renew and still control capacity to differentiate too many forms of tissue cells. Cultured embryonic stem cells also have the potential of being developed to make regenerative medicine which can be used to treat fatal or debilitating conditions which while treated with normal prescriptions they are not curable. The embryonic stem cells are also capable of prolonging lives of individuals. Despite their potential to cure otherwise incurable diseases and to prolong lives, this discovery has led to questions regarding the value of life. While harvesting or extracting the embryonic stem cells, there are high possibilities of destroying the embryos thus bringing to an end possible human life. The question which arises is whether the lives of these possible human lives should be sacrificed for the improvement of the already existing human beings (Mcgee Caplan, parity 2-3).Ethical issues regarding stem cell research One of the major ethical dilemmas facing the embryonic research is the tension created amid devil moral principles which are highly esteemed. One of the moral principles entails prevention and also alleviation of pain and suffering while the other principle highly regards the value of life. Moral ethics requires populate to respect and value human life and also to eliminate pain or possibilities of suffering in individuals. During downslope of embryonic stem cells, there are high possibilities of destroying the embryo thus destroying a possible life.However, such activities have the potential of alleviating pain and curing or so of the diseases which are terminal. As such, embryonic stem cells fulfill the moral principle of a lleviating and improving the medical conditions of individuals (Rickard, Para 5). However, despite the above possible advantages, remnant of embryos during stem cells harvesting is a violation of the second moral principle which deals with the value of human life. As noted earlier, embryos harvesting results in their devastation thus destruction of life.Life is said to begin when fertilization takes place thus embryos are living things and thus destroying them would amount to destruction of life or devaluation of the value of life. The two moral principles cannot be respected simultaneously as fulfilling one would amount to violation of the other. This raises a conflict as to which principle should be given to a greater extent weight. Should improvement of and alleviation of suffering be considered first thus permit stem cell research which is destructive or should this research be taboo due to its destructive nature and violation of the value of human life?This is a major ethica l issue which faces this research and which has led to sharp differences in the biomedical field (Shapiro, para 7). Another ethical issue surrounding the stem cell research is based on the intention behind the construct of embryos. Ethics is mainly based or evaluated in terms of the motive and intention behind an action. People opposed to stem cell research debate that it should only be permissible to create embryos if they are meant for reproductive purposes. Creating embryos only to be destroyed for research purposes is impermissible as this would unravel to intentional destruction of human life.However, researchers argue that while they create embryos for reproductive functions, they create them in excess and most of them are just discarded. As such, instead of discarding them, such embryos can be used for research and also to help in the formation of medicine for the terminal illnesses. Ethical issues arise between the significance of creation of embryos for nurture versus f or research purposes (Gruen, Grabel Singer, pp 134). Viability of embryos debates also raises some ethical issues concerning the stem cell research.The viability of embryos is based on the notion that some embryos though they develop, they do not develop to authorized stages and thus are only discarded. As such, they should be used to alleviate, alleviate and improve the lives of already existing human beings. Embryos after they are created awaiting reproduction, they develop to certain stages after which they can only be discarded if taken up for reproduction functions. Instead of discarding them, some researchers argue that they should be used for research purposes which would gift more benefits.Ethical questions however arise as to whether researchers would not deliberately create more embryos than required to use them for their research in the name of their non viability (Williams, Johnson, para 9). Conclusion Stem cell research has led to controversial debates which are ba sed on the ethical and moral issues regarding life and its value. While some people feel that this research should be used to help in developing medicine for alleviating suffering to terminally ill individuals, others feel that allowing this research would only lead to destruction of possible human life.However, the question of the embryos which are discarded after they become non operable for production purposes also arises. Moral judgment on whether non viable embryos should be discarded instead of being used for research which could be of greater impact forms a major debate. While deciding on whether stem cell research should be allowed or prohibited, all possible impacts on the social status should be considered. The benefits of the research should be weighed against the negative impacts before arriver and agreement. The surrounding circumstances should also be considered while debating on the stem cell research.Work citedGruen Lori, Grabel Laura Singer Peter Stem cellphone Research The Ethical Issues. (2007). Published by Blackwell. ISBN 1405160624 Mcgee, Glenn Caplan, Arthur L. Stem Cell Research. (2001). Journal article of The Hastings Center Report, Vol. 31 Rickard, Maurice Key Ethical Issues in Embryonic Stem Cell Research. (2002). Retrieved on 10th March 2009 from, http//www. aph. gov. au/library/pubs/CIB/2002-03/03cib05. pdf. Shapiro, Robyn S. Bioethics and the Stem Cell Research Debate. (2006). Journal article of Social Education, Vol. 70 Sherlock, Richard Morrey, John D. Ethical Issues in Biotechnology. (

Environmental impacts Essay Example for Free

Environmental impacts EssayEnvironmental impacts of provoke utilization include critical issues such as resource and pollutant issues. The analysis on quantifying the extent should include greenhoexercising gas emissions and its effect to the environment. Worldwide, the demand for biofuels has been increasing dramatically. With the fast depleting fossil fuels, current initiatives to attain button sufficiency and sustainability is being pursued with biofuels as one of the alternatives, Moreover, the utilization of alternative fuels is being proposed to address current environmental issues on global warming. Studies on biofuels, specifically bioethanol and biodiesel showed promising results in reducing GHG emissions and in turn create a positive impact on the environment. Given the increasing demand for biofuels, benefits brought about by its utilization is expected to be signifi potbellyt specifically on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. While there are issues on land use and zip fastener balance for biofuels, extensive research should be conducted in order to identify the most viable biofuel feedstock as well as other aspects in its production and utilization. IntroductionBiofuel refers to fuels made from biomass and primarily used for motive, thermal and force out generation. The earliest experiences in combustion were with the utilization of fast biofuels for domestic needs. Later, liquid biofuels became as valuable cypher resources. Years before the discovery of petroleum, ethanol was already being used as lamp fuel. By 1860, distilleries in the United States of America produced at least 90 million gallons of alcohol per year for lighting. Vegetable oils were also found to be good home heating oils and engine fuels for stationary power systems.Rudolf Diesel has originally invented the diesel engine to run on vegetable oil specifically from peanut. Samuel Morey developed an engine that ran on ethanol and turpentine as early as 1826. Nik olaus Otto, the German inventor who is best known for his development of a modern internal combustion engine, used ethanol as the fuel in one of his engines in the year 1860. Henry Fords outset automobile was fuelled by pure ethanol. He also fabricated the first flexible fuel vehicle (Model T in 1903) which is fuelled by either flatulence or ethanol or by a mixture of both.Cars and other vehicles, however, begun running on cheap crude oil or petroleum as curtly as reserves were discovered in the United States of America. Nevertheless, biofuels remained big energy resources competing with imported oil in countries such as Germany and Great Britain up to the close of World War II. Biodiesel Biodiesel, classified as a renewable and biodegradable diesel fuel which is produced thru extraction of natural fats and oils. It can substantially reduce green house gas emission due to its low south content. It is now commonly used in various parts of the world.Biodiesel can replace petroleu m diesel in both the transport and non-transport applications. A deliver in the utilization of alternative energy resources (including alternative fuels) will change the total demand for biodiesel as well as the level of utilization in specific applications. Bioethanol Bioethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol produced from the fermentation of sugar or other converted biomass. In its purest form it is a colorless clear liquid with buggy characteristic odor that boils at 78oC and freezes at 112oC (www. doe. gov. ph).Ethanol burns more cleanly because it contains oxygen and has a high octane number, hence less carbon monoxide emissions and averts wrong detonation. It burns slightly cooler, extending engine life, and promotes higher volumetric efficiency of the engine, thus, increases power. Adding ethanol to gasoline oxygenates the fuel so that it burns with less emissions. Most modern gasoline vehicles could operate on pure ethanol with a few basic engine passs. A 10% blend requires no engine modification turn making a contribution to reducing emissions.Anything more than 10% requires engine modification (www. doe. gov. ph). The other commercial blends are E15 (U. S. A. ), E20 ( brazil-nut tree), E85 (Sweden and Minnesota), and E100 (used with 4% water in Brazil and Argentina). Fuel ethanol is primarily used for land transport as alternative to gasoline in spark-ignition engines. Other Biofuels The potentials of other alcohols such as methanol, propyl alcohol and butanol can be exhaustively explored for very specific future applications that can further increase the total amount of biofuel substitute to conventional fossil and fossil derived fuels.Methanol produced from biomass is not economically competitive at present. There is, however, an diverting possibility as alternative to hydrogen as fuel. Propanol and butanol can be produced by the action of microorganisms and enzymes. Butanol, particularly, is produced by fermentation in a work out tha t can be modified for high net enegy gains. It has sufficiently similar characteristics with gasoline fuel such that there is high probability that it can be burned pure in existing commercial engines without modification and without any difficulty.There are other important biofuels such as biogas, charcoal, producer gas, etc. They can be processed and employ in consent with the provisions of existing laws, rules, regulations and standards. Studies are conducted in order that these important biofuels can be integrated into the biofuels program in a package for both energy and socio-economic objectives. Other First Generation Biofuels The most common First Generation Biofuel is biogas which is a product of anaerobic digestion of organic materials an example of which is methane from wastes. Both the gas and digestate can be used as fuel.The utilization is usually site specific because of the environmental implications of production. A number of big commercial farms are producing and using biogas from wastes for process heating and the generation of supplementary power. Another first generation biofuel is Charcoal which is the product of the carbonization of hydrocarbon materials including wastes. Producer gas is from the gasification of hydrocarbon feedstock. In the late seventies, this fuel was utilized as engine fuel. The gas was generated from small wood chips fed into a reactor mounted unto the vehicle.Second-generation Biofuels Second generation biofuels are those from lignocellulosic biomass feedstock using advanced expert processes. Being currently developed are BioHydrogen, Bio- dimethylether (Bio-DME), Biomethanol, dimethylfuran (DMF), High Temperature Upgrading (HTU) diesel, Fischer-Tropsch diesel, Mixed Alcohols (http//www. export. gov). Biofuels, A Preferred Energy Source The earliest experiences in combustion were with the utilization of solid biofuels for domestic needs. Later, liquid biofuels became equally valuable energy resources.In the afte rmath of the war, abundance of cheap crude oil from the Middle East brought about the decrease interest in biofuels. The oil crises of 1973 and 1979, however, brought about urgent need for extenders and substitutes, temporarily focusing attention on the indigenous and renewable biofuels. In view of the lift prices (Figure 1) as well as the uncertainty of supply of crude oil and the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, it is time for a major shift in the energy mix towards the use of cleaner indigenous renewable energy in the interest of energy security, the economy and the environment.The start of the present decade ushered in the realization that the era of cheap fossil fuels, particularly petroleum, is drawing to a close. Figure 2 shows the historical and projected petroleum contribution to the world energy mix. The rising oil prices shall persist not only because of depletion of reserves but also because of the continuing political instability in the Middle East. Developing cou ntries shall soon find it difficult to compete for access. There is also the matter of worsening green house gas emissions from excessive burning of fossil fuels.Continuing addiction on crude oil, therefore, is disadvantageous in terms of national security, the economy and the environment. Figure 3 shows the projected greenhouse gases emissions from developed and developing countries based on historical human and natural emissions. In view of the rising prices as well as the uncertainty of supply of crude oil and the increasing greenhouse gas emissions, it is time for a major shift in the energy mix towards the use of cleaner indigenous renewable energy in the interest of energy security, the economy and the environment.

The Role of the Bank of England

The Role of the wedge of EnglandThe United Kingdoms underlying bank is the believe of England. It is also known as the Old gentlewoman of Threadneedle Street. The bank of England was established in 1694 amid a founding contract that stated its principle was to promote the public life-threatening and benefit of our people. (Ab come in the banking concern, 2015)Today, The Bank of Englands purpose is the sign of that vision or agenda first articulated by its founders. Their mission as stated in their official website is to promote the good of the people of the United Kingdom by main(prenominal)taining financial and financial stability. The bank was originally founded as a clannishly-owned organization. After the Second World War, the Bank of England was nationalised, that kept hold of its broad though largely informal unrestricted or public service mission. (About the Bank, 2015)This focus somewhat changed during 1997, when Parliament voted to provide the Bank functioning ind ependence with a comprehensible remit to practise legal injury stability, which was the most important challenge the macro economical insurance makers were facing for the last 2 decades. This financial crisis revealed the necessity for a new move towards to financial parameter in the United Kingdom. This change has resulted in a foremost expansion in the Banks duties and responsibilities, which came into action since April 2013.In some way, this represented a come back to the broader task that the Bank practiced in the past. However, though the Banks pledge to providing the public good is recognisable by its seventeenth century organizers but its responsibilities are currently defined by the Parliament.Financial insurance direction The Financial Services Act of 2012 founded an autonomous Financial Policy Committee (FPC) as a subsidiary of the Bank which will work as a new prudential regulator. This created new duties for the management of fiscal market infrastructure providers. T his particular committee is responsible for taking steps to reduce or remove general risks with an analysis to protect and enhance the flexibility of the countrys financial system. The FPC also has a secondary purpose to maintain the economic course of action of the Government.Prudential Regulation Authority The Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) has the responsibility to supervise the banks, credit unions and building societies, insurers and key investment firms. This regulation authority jibes almost 1,700 financial firms. Its role can be defined in ii legal objectives. They are- (1) To promote the safety and security of the firms, (2) to ensure the insurers land in securing the proper degree of security to the policyholders. While promoting the safety of the firms, the Prudential Regulation Authority focuses mainly on the problem that the firms can create to the resoluteness of the countrys financial system. A steady financial system means it is one in which firms can kee p on providing significant monetary services to the economy which is a prerequisite for a strong and successful economy. (About the Bank, 2015)Monetary Policy Committee Having monetary stability means constant prices and presumption in the money or silver. Stable prices can be defined by the Governments inflation objective which is what the Bank aims to meet by the assessments done by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). In the United Kingdom the monetary policy generally operates through the interest rate meaning the price at which money is lent. Since March 2009, this committee also started to input money directly into the economy in addition with setting Bank Rate. It injects money by get financial assets which are often known as quantitative easing. Quantitative easing (QE) is an unusual type of monetary policy where a of import Bank makes new money by electronic means to purchase monetary assets, like government bonds. The aim of this process is to directly enhance the con sumption of the private sector in the economy and return the inflation to the intended target. (Monetary Policy, 2015)In August 2013, the Monetary Policy Committee gave some clear counselor regarding the future performance of monetary policy. The committee plans to at least maintain highly stimulative monetary policy until economic laggings nurse been reduced substantially given this will not put any material risks to price constancy or financial stability. (Monetary Policy, 2015) abroad Exchange Joint Standing Committee The London Foreign Exchange Joint Standing Committee (FX JSC) was founded in 1973 under the support of the Bank of England. It was established mainly as a moderate for banks and brokers to talk about broad market topics. The aim of the Committees regular work is concerned with issues of frequent concern to the diverse members in the foreign exchange market. The electric chair and Secretary of this committee is provided by The Bank of England and its senior sta ffs are from many of the key banks functioning in the foreign exchange market in London, as well as from voice- and electronic-brokers, corporate users of the foreign exchange market, as well as delegates from the British Bankers Association, the Wholesale Market Brokers Association, and the Association of Corporate Treasurers.One of the main duties of the Committee is to keep up the Non-Investment Products Code. This code is a type of voluntary code of good market functionality that covers wholesale deposits as well as the Foreign Exchange market.Banks function in the foreign exchange market The Bank functions in the foreign exchange market mainly for two reasonsManaging the UKs foreign currency and gold reserves on behalf of the governments economic and finance ministry (HM Treasury).Organizing the Monetary Policy Committees (MPC) comparatively small(a)er band of foreign currency reserves.In addition to these main objectives, the Bank of England also controls general foreign curr ency transactions for the many departments of the government and also a small quantity of its customers.In the past year, quite a few members of a subgroup of the London Foreign Exchange Joint Standing Committee which is known as the Chief Dealers Subgroup, have either been suspended by their employers or dismissed because of having association with the global inquiry into probable manipulation of the currency market. (Albanese, 2014) The $5trillion-a-day oecumenical foreign exchange market is used by governments and multinational companies to buy and sell notes, as well as hedge against the danger of currency instability. The Bank of England plays an important role as both the participant and regulator of the market as it maintains the UK governments currency transactions. In the market they use a benchmark which is known as the 4pm fix. If this benchmark is by any way manipulated by traders then it can cost UK firms millions of pounds and affect everything operating in the market from business accounts to the worth of investments. (Quinn John, 2014)The London 4pm fix which is now a joint venture was initiated in 1994. It notes down the exchange rate among foreign currencies at the 4pm closing value and then these rates are then used for transaction in the foreign exchange deals all over the world. This benchmark aster its entry was rapidly followed by many customers looking for a universal reference point. However, the currency traders who have the knowledge of currency rates and their client orders can have a major advantage. According to Chris Towner, a foreign exchange dealer, Currency dealers will start buying before the client and then complete the clients order at the higher 4pm rate. (Quinn John, 2014)Thus, the central bank plays a vital role in keeping the foreign market in balance. If the price rates of currencies are shared beforehand then market imbalance is certain. Recently the bank is going through speculation on its benchmark policy as on e trader who was suspended by his employer has provided the Financial Conduct Authority of the United Kingdom a handwritten note from a private meeting which was help on April, 2012 at the bank. The note proves that the central-bank officers were given the instruction that the practice of sharing and collecting client orders was common. (Albanese, 2014)The recent allegations over the manipulation of currency markets in UK came into focus after the Libor scandal. The Libor (London Interbank Offered Rate) is an average interest rate which is calculated by submissions of interest rates by key banks in London. Libor scandal pointed out the possible manipulation of other financial markets such as gold and silver because they were mostly loosely monitored before the financial crisis. Mark Carney, the governor of the Bank of England has been facing hearings on the court regarding probably manipulation in the foreign exchange market. The manipulation of foreign exchange markets is estimated to become a criminal offence. (Treanor, 2014)The central bank plays an important role in terms of maintaining the inflation and exchange rate of a country. Since, they have the responsibility to monitor the entire market and control the private banks any manipulation by the central bank can cause serious damages in the national financial market as well as the foreign market. The recent financial crisis has put the Central Bank of England come under serious scrutiny.

The Portrayal Of Individualism Sociology Essay

The Portrayal Of undividedization Sociology EssayThe Title of this look is The Portrayal of Individualism A ingest on curiosity Movies atomic number 26 piece 1 (2008) and IRON valet de chambre 2 (2010). In this chapter groundwork is made on the query Background, Research Problem, Research Objectives, Research Questions, Research Signifi bearce, Research Scope, Definition of Terms and Conclusion.Research BackgroundThis segment is to briefly introduce the Marvel Movies, IRON opus 1 and 2, Individualism, and several(prenominal) manifestations of laissez faire. Individualism is 1 of the major dimension of exploreer develop a study on culture. Several of enquiry had developed to comparing individuality and collectivism.Individualism occidental soil, especially United States of Ameri kindle, is load-bearing(a) identity as brotherlyizing climates. We can plant a word from United States Declaration of Independence. In its second execrationWe h senior these truths to be s elf-evident, that all men atomic number 18 created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights that among these are Life, Liberty and the pur courtship of Happiness. (Constitution parliamentary procedure 2012)United States of American major ideology is every i has the equal right and they hasten tolerantdom to do what they want with tabu force by other concourse. The liberty in the second sendences of United states Declaration of Independence clearly state central psyche of individualism freedom as an individual. (Constitution society 2012) laissez-faire(a)ic societies are exposit as emphasizing independence, freedom, and personal assertiveness as socializing climates in which a persons self-esteem develops (Kagitcibasi, 1996 Triandis, 1989 1995). A Western view of self-awareness is based on the idea that ones private self resides within each person consistent with much(prenominal) pagan themes as the separateness and distinctiveness of ea ch person (Gecas Burke,1995).Western country encouraging freedom of action, refraining from severe restrictiveness, and encouraging self-confidence for exploratory behaviour. Individualismis themoralstance, policy-making philosophy, ideology, or social turn uplook that stresses the moral worth of theindividual. Individualists promote the operate of ones goals and desires and so valueindependenceand self-reliance while opposing external interference upon ones own interests by societyorinstitutionssuch as the government.Triandis (2000) states that cultural pattern of individualism is A) sample the individual self is conceived as unaffiliated of in-groups B) give priority to personal goals. C) Use attitudes much more than norms as determinants of their social behavior. D) Pay attention only to their own needs and abandon interpersonal relationships that are not optimally beneficial to them.Triandis (1994) has suggested that individualism emerges in societies that are two complex and loose. For example, Hollywood stars live in a culture that is both complex and loose. This speculation has not been tested rigorously notwithstanding the data be to hang together reasonably well. He also use Japan as an example that the complex Japan nowadays is less left-winger than nineteenth century. He also mentioned that modern, industrial-urban, fast-changing cultures tend to be individualist.Hofstede (1991) work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. In carrying out his research, Hofstede ultimately surveyed more than one hundred thousand managers in a multinational organization, from fifty countries and three geographical regions. Each country was assigned score 1 through 50 in each his studies, include individualism versus collectivism.Andersen (2003) stated that individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing ones own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression. Triandis (1995) also talk about individualism with 4 points. First, the individual is the single most of the essence(predicate) unit in some(prenominal) social setting. Second, independence rather than interdependence is stressed. Third, individual acquisition is rewarded. Lastly, the uniqueness of each individual is of paramount value. Goleman (1990) highlight that peoples personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given(p) group is very weak they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it befits them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another.Triandis (2001) writes that emphasize is placed on individuals goals over group goals. The self is promoted because each person is viewed as uniquely endowed and possessing distinctive talent and potential. Individuals are further to pursue and develop their abilities and aptitudes. mint ta ught to be creative, self-reliant, and assertive in many individualism cultures. Triandis emphasize on individual is emotionally disconnected from in groups such as the family because individual be taught to be independent. Social controls more on the personal guilt than on shame of other social norms or conformity. Individualist exit belong to many groups but they not actually tie with it. macrocosmy groups that individualist belong to is to enhance self-worth, for example, self-help group, therapy group, or occupational group.In the Geert Hofstede research on Dimensionalizing Cultures The Hofstede Model in Context (Neulips 2009) discusses the Differences between collectivist and individualist societies, in the table picture the individualism in 10 degree which is Everyone is suppositious to take care of him and his immediate family only, I-consciousness, Right of Privacy, Speaking ones mind is healthy, Others classified as individuals, personal opinion expected one person one vote, offense of norms leads to guilt printings, Languages in which the world I is indispensable, get of education is learning how to learn, Task prevails over relationship. It is worth noting Kashima (1998) mentioned Individualist cultures have languages that require the use of I andYou. English is a good example. It would be difficult to write a letter in English without using I and You. Top ranked country in the individualism country mostly using English. (Hofstede, 2001) stigmatiseus and Kitayama (1991) introduced the concepts of independent self and interdependent self to distinguish between the different kinds of self found in cutures. They suggest that people in individualistic cultures such as western generally willing have an independent self. People in collectivist cultures such as eastern have an interdependent self. The independent self is an autonomous entity with clear boundaries between self and others. Internal attributes, such as thought, feeling and abilities , are stable and largely invulnerable by social context. The behavior of the independent self is governed and constituted primarily harmonise to ones inner and dispositional characteristics.Based on Fiske, Kitayama, Markus and Nisbett (1998), The independent person is 1) bounded, stable, autonomous 2) has personal attributes that guide action 3)is achievement-oriented 4)formulates personal goals 5)define life by successful goal achievement 6)is responsible for own behavior 7)is militant 8)strives to feel good about the self. According to Feldman (2001), western are more apt to experience emotions that are related to their view of themselves as independent, unconnected individuals. People living in independent cultures see achievement in terms of personal gains, viewing themselves as better or worse achievers than others. They compare their salaries and their grades with those of their peers, and they examine and receive individual rewards for good performance. The self-concepts of people in independent cultures, then, are based on personal, individual successes and failures.Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier (2002) summarize behavioral traits that have been shown to be associated with individualism. individualism is 1) optimism, 2) high self-esteem, 3) Lower social anxiety, 4) Emotional expression, 5) Satisfaction with self, 6) Satisfaction with freedom, 7) Direct communication style, 8) Lower relational commitment, 9) Preference to work alone, 10) Ease of interacting with strangers.According to Naomi and Mark (2005), American Movie incessantly content ideology of their nation culture. Individualism as a part of American culture, it is exists in most of the American Movies. This contrast obviously been emphasize in action movies, especially in those superhero movies, this research will examine two of the superhero movies, IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010) to find out the portrayal of individualism.MARVEL MOVIESAccording to Marvel Studios authorised web site (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012), originally Marvel Films (1993-1996), is an American television and motion send off studio based in Manhattan Beach, California. Marvel Studios is a subsidiary of Marvel Entertainment, a self-contained part of The Walt Disney Company conglomerate.Since 2008, the studio has released six produced films Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), Captain America The First Avenger (2011), and Marvels The Avengers (2012) with shared timeline, cast and characters, making up the Marvel cinematic Universe. (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012)The Marvel Movies is very influential to public of today, their productions are well known by most people in most place. Marvel Movies always have outstanding box office in various countries from west to east, inadvertently the values of those movies instill to interview around the world especially the early days generations. We can notice that the Marvel Movie did share the main value of US culture which is Individualism. And it becomes stronger in the portrayal of the character.IRON MANHere is his introduction before the Iron Mask from Marvel official Website. Anthony Tony black was born to Howard Anthony crude(a) and Maria Collins Carbonell stark(a), owners of the prominent US firm, barren Industries. As a boy, Tony was fascinated with building and controlling machines. At the age of 15 Tony entered the undergraduate electrical engineering program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and gradational with two masters degrees by age 19. Tony went to work for Stark Industries, but showed more interest in living a reckless playboy life-style than using his engineering skills. At the age of 21, Tony inherited Stark Enterprises when his parents were killed in a car accident secretly orchestrated by rival tummy Republic Oil (later ROXXON). Still lacking in business acumen, Tony promoted secretary Virginia Pepper Potts to be his executive assistant and left the majority of his workload on her so that he could avoid what he saw as a burden. (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012)MOVIE IRON MAN 1 (2008)According to Marvel official website (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012).Tony Stark is well-known as a playboy and genius which led the defence contractor Stark Industries subsequently his develop was death. The moment after Stark demonstrated the wise missile called Jericho in Afghanistan he is ambushed by the terrorist group, the Ten Rings and then imprisoned in a cave.As Stark get seriously injured from the ambush, the fellow captive Yinsen save his life by installed an electromagnet into Starks chest so that can avoid the shrapnel which wounded his body to achieve into his heart and cause him die. Raza, leader of Ten Rings, guarantees will set Stark free once Stark help them to build Jericho missile. However, Stark and Yinsen know that Raza will not release them eventually. Thus, in order to power Starks electromagnet, they secretly to construct a powerful electric generator named an arc nuclear reactor and a suit of outfit for escape. Unfortunately, the Ten Rings discovered what they doing and Yinsen died because want to help Starks suit powers up.Stark successful escape from the cave and flies away until his suit is ruined and he crash in the desert. Once Stark get back to his country, he announces to public that the company will not produce weapons anymore although Tonys stimulate old partner, Obadiah Stane has try to persuade him to do not do so. Stark continues to improve his suit and arc reactor. Stark knows that Yinsens village, Gulmira will be attack by the Ten Rings using his company weapons. Stark wears up the new armor and flies to save Yinsens village.On the way flying back home, Stark is chase by two F-22 Raptor fighter jets. To get rid of their shot, Stark tells his secret identity to his friend, Rhodes. The Ten Rings found the pieces of armor suit and meet with Stane. However, Stane used his soni c device to subdue Raza and killed all of them. By applying reverse engineering method, Stane capable produce a new suit from the wreckage.Potts, who sent by Stark to hack into Stanes office, has found the evidences about Stane supplying weapons to terrorists and employed the Ten Rings to kill Stark. Since Stanes scientists unable to build an arc reactor, Stane attacks Stark by using a sonic device and take away his arc reactor. Luckily, Stark managed to plug in back his original reactor. Due to the original reactor cannot run his suit at full capacity, Stark lures Stane to the top of the Stark Industries building and guides Potts to overload the large arc reactor there. The extensive electrical mickle that knocks Stane unconscious, make him and his armor to fall into the exploding reactor, killing him. When Stark demands to explain the Stanes death at a press conference, Stark announces that he is Iron Man. From this kind of action, it can be shown that Stark consist of strong in dividualism. It is because he cares a lot of his personal achievements, as he produced a powerful armor suit.MOVIE IRON MAN 2 (2010)According to Marvel official website (MARVEL OFFICIAL WEBSITE 2012).The news regards Stark Industries chief executive officer, Tony Stark revealed himself as Iron Man had spread to Russia. While Anton Vanko is reach out away, his son, Ivan Vanko starts to used the prototype given by his father to build an arc reactor which alike with Stark. In order to carry on his father bequest Stark strives to re-organize the Stark Expo in Flushing Meadows.Meanwhile, Stark utilizes his armor to ensure world peace. When the senator Stern wants him to hand in the Iron Man technology to the government, Stark rejects, because he thinks that all the business rival around the world cant duplicate his work, it is unique and considered as his property. Based on Starks statement, it can be seen that he is a self-centered person and doesnt care who will afraid his armor thre aten worldwide peace. Stark feels depressed when unable to find the new member to replace the palladium core in the arc reactor which can slowly poisoning him. Stark decide to keep his plight and substitutes Potts, who Stark Industries CEO with Natalie. By using an arc reactor as powering whip-like weapon, Vanko attacks Stark at the racing field. Starks able to subdued Vanko and get to know that he is the son of his fathers old partner. Vanko tells his desire to revenge on Stark family.Justin Hammer, rival defense contractor, rescues Vanko and hires him to complete a line of armored. Due to intervene from Stark, Rhodes wears up Starks Mark II armor to fight with him. The battle end up huge explosion while both fire repulsor beam and Rhodes returns the armor to the military. From Nick Fury, director of SHIELD, Stark knows that his father formed a SHIELD and disclosure Natalie as undercover agent. Stark discovers an encrypted message from his fathers old material which given by Fury and finally found the new element to replace the palladium.Hammer demonstrates Vankos armored drones and led by Rhodes, who wearing complete weaponries version of the Mark II armor. Stark flies with his new armor to stop Rhodes, however, all drones include Rhodess armor is control by Vanko used to attack Stark. Hammer is then arrested by Hogan and Romanoff try to catch Vanko but let him escapes. Besides, Romanoff allows Rhodes to control back his Mark II armor. Vanko is totally defected when Stark and Rhodes use fire repulsor rays at each other and create a huge explosion.Vanko activates self-destruct mechanism on his suit along with all his drones, obviously killing himself as well. Stark capable to saves Potts before the drones going to explode. At the end, Stark promises to work as consultant if senators Stern awards Rhodes and him with medals for bravely, although Stern not willing to do so.Research ProblemAs state in the research background, studies have shown individualism lev el of people increasing with the growing of science and technology. Individualism is prevalent in most of development country. To address this phenomenon, scholars conduct numbers of research toward individualism from different perspectives. As most research found, generally western country practicing individualism while eastern country practicing collectivism. Malaysia as an eastern and growing country it stands in a subtle position. Historical factor make Malaysia one of the special existing country in the world which absorb multi culture. in that location have lack of studies of individualism in Malaysia context.Compare with other developed country, Malaysia also lack of studies in teenager and youth behavior and thinking. Malaysia has lack of study to investigating kind-heartedity. It may one of the reason scholars in Malaysia unable to grasp the evolution of social behavior.By conducting this research, the study will first aims to study the portrayal of individualism in the Marvel Movie. Through the study of the films, the research can help to continue investigate science of youth toward the movie. The understanding of youths perception toward the portrayal of individualism is not to manipulate or puzzle out the youths behavior. The research may be able to give people a clearer picture to individualism among youth in Malaysia.Research Objectives1. To examine the portrayal of individualism of Tony Stark, the main character in the Marvel Movie IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010).2. To find out the perception of youth toward Tony Stark, the main character in the Marvel Movie IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010)Research Questions1. How was the main character portrayed in Marvel Movie IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010)?2. What is the perception of youth toward Tony Stark, the main character in the Marvel Movie IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010) after they watched?1.5 Research importeeFilm Industry has been producing quite a number of in dividualism movies. However, those movies will publish under different genres. Normally individualism can be found in action movie and superhero movie. People may confuse to differentiate the type of films and they are actually lack of awareness to identify individualism in the movie.This research able to carried out so that we can help people to understand the behavior of individualism own by Marvel Movie Character, it can also call awareness of public toward individualism in media content. The objective of this research is not to change people perception but at least giving people a chance to have a clear picture toward individualism.1.6 Research ScopeThis research is done among Youth of Malaysia. The target audience limited to Malaysians who are 18 25 years old. Other than that, our target audiences focus to Malaysians who are currently staying in Klang Valley Area. Also, movies that study research on are only restricted to IRON MAN 1 (2008) and IRON MAN 2 (2010).1.7 Definition of Terms1.7.1 PortrayalConceptual DefinitionA depiction of someone or something in a work of art or literature a picture A realistic portrayal of war. (Oxford Dictionaries 2010).A exposition of someone or something in a particular way a representation the media portrayal of immigration. An instance of an actor playing a part in a movie or play a performance his portrayal of the title character.Operational DefinitionThe first objective of the research is to find out the portrayal of individualism. Therefore, to find out behavior shown by the character in the movie which demonstrate individualism. This research will define portrayal as how the movies construe the characteristic of individualism.1.7.2 IndividualismConceptual DefinitionThe habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant a culture that celebrates individualism and wealth. (Oxford Dictionaries 2010) Self-centered feeling or conduct egoism. A social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collecti ve or state control encouragement has been given to individualism, free enterprise, and the pursuit of profit. Individualism described bas emphasizing independence, freedom, and personal assertiveness as socializing climates in which a persons self-esteem develops (Kagitcibasi, 1996 Triandis, 1989 1995).Operational DefinitionIn the research it will be use to explain those behavior displayed individualism self-motivation, autonomy, freedom, and personal assertiveness, independent thinking and Self-actualization.1.8 ConclusionMarvel Movies is achieving excellent result in the worldwide. Marvel Movies almost be a guarantee of box office. It reaches most people of most places in the world. In unconsciously, the value in the movie actually influence how the people thinking, especially among children and youth. Contrast to public heard lot words about young generation now are egoism, lack of collaboration. Even without any evidence, the researcher believes it is some negative interpreting of individualism. But it is attracting to examine the portrayal of individualism in the action movie, especially from the Superhero movie. IRON MAN as one of the outstanding box office Superhero Movies, The research takes it as an example to examine portrayal of individualism. Hope the research can figure out the hypothesis or at least, attract more profession to do further research.2.0 Literature ReviewIntroductionThis chapter reviews some of journals which discuss about individualism and dimensions of individualism. It also refers to some related discussion on culture, other explanation of individualism with terms independent culture. The similar research of individualism on media been mentioned to compare too.2.1 Review of preceding JournalsIn this part will discuss about the previous journal. The purpose of review the previous journal is to compare the studies that conduct by others scholars to improve the probe for further study and to reduce the mislead of research question s2.1.1 Self-Interest Self-Values ExpressionJames M. Baldwins Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology (1902) defines Individualism in terms of political philosophy as the doctrine that the pursuit of self-interests and the exercise of individual initiative should be little or not at all restrained by the state and that the functions of government should be reduced to the lowest possible terms. As we notice that, people should be liberally practising in his works with lowest or not at all levels of restraints of the environment.Based on the study of the Chen, Chen and Meindl (1998), the researchers had presented the cooperation mechanisms by culturally shaped motives in the culture of individualism and collectivism. Firstly, the super-ordinate goal of the individualism is goal interdependence. Goal sharing is collectivists super-ordinate goal. Secondly, the group identity of individualism is self enhancement, collectivism presumed the group identity as the group complements. Thirdly, cognition based is belong to the trust associated with the individualism. On the opposite sides, affect based is along with the collectivisms trust. Fourthly, accountability of the individualism is individual based but the collectivism is group based. Fifthly, the way to announce of individualism is partial channel. On the other hand, collectivists use the full channel to communicate. Lastly, individualists and collectivists are also believed in equity based for the reward distribution. The research study the cooperation mechanisms by culturally shaped motives in the culture of individualism and collectivism analysis correctly the advantages and disadvantages with people either they want to working alone or group working, although the contexts always have the good and bad conditions in it. Last but not least, self-interest might be explains people rather than accepts the individualism (self-based) is their only interest to pursuit or lives in collective society (group-based) also can be an interest of them.Accordingly, Nayef RF (2008) has been stress that humankinds generally untrue self-interest is the most important things of life. In Nayefs theory of human nature, which he has been termed human behaves as Emotional Amoral Egoism. After that, Nayef has argued that emotional self-interest primarily governed the human behaviour that can be focus initially on survival, achievement and domination. These facets of human nature are genetically coded survival instincts productmodified by thetotality of the environmentand expressed asneurochemically-mediated emotions and actions. Reason, reflection and conscious morality are comparatively rare. The human mind is consequently apredisposed tabula rasa, for the purpose of survival and the environment, which is resulting from both an in-built genetic code. Therefore, once humans basic needs been filled, they will be measured self-benefits on them. This may results the greater consequences between the individual and society. For example, Bill Gates has created Microsoft software afterward, billions of people have been benefits by this, relatively the globally business and economic markets were growth because of this.In Nayefs studied work (2008), he has been researched the most of the mankind are motivated by emotional self-interest and have the potential to be either moral or immoral. The conditions of circumstances will be determine the survival value of human beings moral compass in that being highly moral in an immoral environment may be detrimental to ones survival and vice versa. Indeed, people apparently seeking the gratification and feel good of the reason, they will behave altruistically to serves self-interest at some level. Obviously, individualism could be doing well in collectivist society on todays era.Nayef (2008) state that emphasized individuals is impossible completely escaped by the collectivist society although they were believed in individualism. This insight has profound i mplications for the re-ordering of governance mechanisms at all levels with a strong emphasis on the role of society and the global form in maximising the benefits of Professor Nayef term measured self-interest, when he has minimising its excesses. This is because human beings cannot be left to their own devices to do the right thing. The reformation offers the best opportunities of facilitating political and moral cooperation through the establishment of stringent normative frameworks and governance structures, which is best fulfilling the potential of human beings to exist and evolve in peace, security, prosperity and possible serenity.Kagitcibasi (1997, 2005) and Schwartz (2004), according to them, by contrast, set the limits of the notion of individualism to autonomy and criticize the merging of autonomy and selfishness into individualism. In fact, both authors argue that individual autonomy can be altruistic, going together with social relatedness and concern for others. (Kagi tcibasi 1997 2005 Schwartz 2004). According to the Etzioni (1993), this understanding mirrors the notion of a communitarian spirit in social philosophy, which defines as communitarian a social accountability form of individualism, it is also explained the combined emphasis on individual autonomy and solidarity with others. Empirically, Schwartz (2007) finds self-direction and stimulation to be close individual-level correlates of participation in collective actions among European countries. The researcher also finds that country-level scores of self-direction and stimulation correlate closely with Inglehart and Welzels self-expression values index. (Schwartz 2007). Therefore, it could evidently research more about the evidences of individualisms are correlates with the collectivists society. And, this is feasible and trustable for research the individualisms due to the findings.According to Christian Welzel (2009), the researcher pointed out the works from Schwartz (1992, 2007) de veloped an instrument to measure the most basic human values. Values are delineate as trans-situational goals that people pursue in their lives. Referring to the goals of power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, and security, Schwartz identifies 10 quasi-universal values. In short, 8 of the 10 Schwartz values have been shown to reflect two overarching polarities (Fontaine, Poortinga, Delbeke, Schwartz, 2008 Schwartz Boehnke, 2004 Spini, 2003). Based on the Schwartz characterization of polarity of the values, this is shows that the humankinds achieve to their goals whereas the goals of benevolence and universalism describe general concerns that environment. People had adequately enhancing themselves meanwhile what they do also can bring about the benefits to society.Based on the study of Welzel (2009), the researcher has been studied that the power is important to this person to be rich to have a lot of money and expensive things. Self-Direction is important to this person to think up new ideas and be creative to do things ones own way. Hedonism is important to this person to have a good time to stumble oneself. Security is important to this person to avoid anything that might be dangerous. Achievement is being very successful is important to this person to have people be intimate ones achievements. Benevolence is important to this person to help the people nearby to care for their well-being. Conformity is important to this person to always behave properly to avoid doing anything people would say is wrong. Adventure and taking risks are important to this person to have an exciting life. Tradition is important to this person to follow the customs handed round off by ones religion or family. Universalism is important to this person to care for nature. (Welzel, C 2009)Christian Welzel (2009), the researcher has been studied the Schwartzs Values Spaces, the analysis on the basis of Schwartz -transformed value items after standardizing these items for their country means is shows that the power was finding as -0.8 in egoism/ self-sacrifice and .0.0 in individualism/collectivism, the achievement that will be 0.3 in egoism/altruism and 0.3 in individualism/collectivism. Next, the benevolence were finding as 0.4 in egoism/altruism and -0.1in individualism/collectivism, the universalism were considered as 0.3 in egoism/altruism and 0.0 in individualism/collectivism. Furthermore, the security that will be 0.0 in egoism/altruism and -0.8 in individualism/collectivism, the conformity were considered as 0.3 in egoism/altruism and -0.5 in individualism/collectivism. In a nutshell, the stimulation was finding as -0.3 in egoism/altruism and considered as 0.7 in individualism/collectivism. The self-direction was considered as 0.0 in egoism/altruism and was considered as 0.5 in individualism/collectivism.On the opposite sides, Welzel (2009) researched the analysis on the basis of S chwartz-tran

Essay --

Abraham capital of Nebraska, the 16th president of the United States was born on February 12th, 1809. Lincoln is one of the most illustrious presidents because of his leadership during a dire time in American history, the civil war. His presidency was served from March 1861 until the day he was assassinated in April 1865. Lincolns most prestigiousnesss accomplishments include abolishing slavery, preserving the union and modernizing the economy. Abraham was the second child of Thomas and Nancy he was born in a small log cabin on a farm in Kentucky. During his early life his family moved from Kentucky to Indiana in order to get out of slave territory. When Lincoln was nine his mother Nancy died of take out sickness, his father Thomas later remarried a widow named Sarah. Lincoln became very close to his new stepmother. He did not have much formal learning tho was a motivated self-educator. At age 22 Lincoln decided to leave home, he found a job taking goods by flatboat from New Sa lem to New Orleans. Once Lincoln arrived in New Orleans he witnessed a slave trade, this left a undestroyable impression on him. Abraham was brought up with the values of honesty and fairness he carried these virtues throughout his life.Politics became part of Lincolns life in 1832 when he campaigned to be on the Illinois General Assembly. He was a member of the Whig Party. Lincoln was a captain of the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk War, he never did stick out combat though. Later in his life Lincoln failed at some small business ventures. In 1837 he taught himself law and was accepted to the Illinois Bar, later that category Lincoln moved to Springfield became one of the most respected lawyers. In 1837 Lincoln made his first protest against slavery. On November 4, 1842, at the a... ... musical buffoonery in Lincolns state box on the balcony when Booth crept up behind Lincoln and shot Lincoln in the head at point fatuous range. Lincoln was mortally wounded and pronounc ed dead the next morning at 722 a.m. Lincolns attacker Booth jumped from the theater balcony breaking his leg, but was able to reach his horse and escape. Booth was on the run for 12 days before he was captured and shot. Lincolns legacy and accomplishments still live on today. Lincoln is remembered by most as a self-made man with good character. Lincoln guided are nation through one its craziest times and maintain the union. Lincoln is honored in many ways today from statues to his name being used in a wide variety of things. Lincolns remains were then transported to Springfield, Illinois by train. Many funerals were held as the train stopped at many cities in the North.

J. R. R. Tolkien :: essays research papers

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, creator of a world. When someone who knows Tolkien is asked about his works, one thought comes to mind, Middle Earth. This was the playground in his mind that such bright descriptions of fantasylands came from. It is the base of his most well known stories, where dreams are just the norm.J.R.R. may owe much of his success to his diverse beginnings. On April 16, 1891, Mabel Suffield and Arthur Reuel Tolkien were married in Bloemfontein, south-central Africa. They soon gave birth to John Ronald Reuel Tolkien on January 3, 1892, who was christened later that month.In April of 1895 Mabel took J.R.R. and his younger brother to Birmingham England. Arthur, their father, was supposed to follow them in a few months, however never does, as he dies shortly before his trip. This causes a struggling early life for John, moving constantly.At age 7 he took the entrance examination for King Edwards groom, failed, but gained acceptance a year later and move closer to t he school. The Tolkiens move several more times, and end up near the Grammar School of St. Philips, where Johns mother enrolls him to save money. J.R.R. won a scholarship, however, and returned to King Edwards to continue his studies. On September 14, 1904, Mabel Tolkien, Johns mother, dies after a diabetic coma. After the death of his mother, the guardianship of his brother and him was taken over by Father Francis Xavier Morgan, a priest of the Birmingham Oratory.In 1908, J.R.R. started his first term at Oxford, and in 1915 he was awarded First Honours degree in English Language and Literature. The following year, March 22, 1916, John Tolkien married Edith Bratt. Between the years of 1917 and 1929, the couple had quaternity children together, John, Michael, Christopher, and Priscilla. Tolkiens children had a great impact on his writings. One of the best instances of this is in his book Roverandom. In 1925, while on vacation with his family on the Yorkshire coast, four-year-old Mic hael Tolkien preoccupied his favorite toy, a little lead dog he was reluctant to put down even to play on the beach. To console and distract him J. R. R. execute a story, the story of Rover, a real dog magically transformed into a toy. After many fantastic adventures in search of the wizard who wronged him, at last he wins back his doggy life.